ABSTRACT
Piper betle leaf commonly known to be a Paan in India is eaten raw and sometimes with a mixture of areca nut. The leaf is consumed usually after a lunch or dinner. Traditionally the leaf is well known for a health benefits and also chewed as a mouth freshener. A wide range of researches on a Piper betle leaf suggest excellent nutritional benefits on the health. The edible leaf is also known for its specialized essential contents. The current research attempt is carried out to extract the essential oil from the leaf of Piper betle L. by a Hydro distillation method (Clevenger method). The research successfully concludes the extraction of oil with its efficacy towards the percentage of oil achieved during an extraction process.
ABSTRACT
Aims@#This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of Piper betle L. leaf extract against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae that causes bacterial leaf blight in rice plant.@*Methodology and results@#The antibacterial activity of the P. betle leaf extract (100, 50, 25 and 12.25 mg/mL) with four different solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane and acetone) was evaluated using a disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. The inhibition zone of methanolic extract appeared to have the maximum diameter compared to those of other extracts, which is 32.67 mm at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, followed by 30.33 mm, 22.00 mm and 20.30 mm for the concentrations of 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MBC values of the methanolic extract were 0.625 mg/mL suggesting that the extract has a bactericidal effect on X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The time-kill curve studies revealed that the 1× MIC (0.625 mg/mL) concentration of methanolic extract had a time and concentration-dependent killing effect on Xoo. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanol extract revealed the presence of eugenol acetate (29.53%), 4-allyl-1,2-diacetoxybenzene (29.51%) and 2,3-dimethyl benzoic acid (22.82%) as major compounds.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The methanolic leaf extract of P. betle was proven to have an effective inhibitory effect on Xoo and may have the potential to be used as an alternative management strategy for controlling rice diseases. In the future study, the methanolic leaf extract of P. betle is one of the recommendations to be applied in glasshouse and field trials.
Subject(s)
Piper betleABSTRACT
@#This study aimed to determine the in vivo effectiveness of the ethanolic extract of Piper betle L. leaves against Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds in mice and its antimicrobial properties on clinical isolates of multiple drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Twenty mice were divided into four groups. Wounds were created in all mice under anesthesia by excision from the dorsal skin down to the subcutaneous fat and inoculating with S. aureus. After 24 h, the wound of each mouse was treated once daily by application of the respective cream. Group I was treated with mupirocin antibacterial cream; Group II received a cream base containing no active ingredient; Groups III and IV were treated with 2.5% and 5.0% concentrations of P. betle cream, respectively. Further, an in vitro study was performed by adding undiluted, 1:50 and 1:100 dilutions of the four studied creams in normal saline containing 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL of the following bacteria: antimicrobial-susceptible S. aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, metallo-βlactamase-producing P. aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The mice in Groups III and IV had significantly faster wound contraction and significantly shorter reepithelialization time than Group II (p < 0.05), which were not significantly different from Group I (p > 0.05). P. betle creams inhibited all studied bacterial strains at full concentration and at a dilution of 1:50. The inhibitory effect was more significant than Groups I and II (p < 0.05), except on S. aureus. Specifically, S. aureus inhibition was not significantly different for Groups III and IV (p > 0.05) when compared with Group I. Cream formulations derived from P. betle ethanolic extract have great potential as antimicrobial agents for the treatment of wound infection. Further clinical tests are recommended to determine the safety and efficacy of these formulations in other mammalian species.
ABSTRACT
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developedand validated to estimate the phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, andferrulic acid), flavonoids (catechin rutin, myricetin, quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol), ascorbic acid, and eugenol.The chromatogram condition was set in suitable wavelength 272 nm and run flow rate 0.7 µl/minutes using HPLCAgilent Technologies 1260 Infinity, a reversed-phase Zorbax SB-C18 column (3.5 µm particle size, i.d. 4.6 mm × 250mm) with the mobile phase solution (1:9, HPLC-grade acetonitrile:1% acetic acid). The linearity, precision, limit ofdetection, limit of detection, and accuracy were R2 > 0.9907, relative standard deviation < 1%, 0.005 µg/ml, 0.015 µg/ml, and 96%–102%, respectively. As a result, all the selective compounds were successfully separated, identified, andquantified. The enormous contents were found in quercetin and eugenol, expressing crude content (mean, 5.989 mg/g)and residue content (mean, 1.934 mg/g) for quercetin, while crude content (mean, 3.209 mg/g) and residue content(mean, 0.184 mg/g) for eugenol. Consequently, this method could be applied, repeated, and developed for the laterobservation, especially in commercially inclination of Piper betle analysis
ABSTRACT
Betelvine (Piper betle L.) is cultivated for its deep green heart shaped leaf for (15-20) million Indian and 2 billion foreign consumers annually. The crop provides Rs (6000-7000) million of national income per year and at the same time leaves worth Rs (30-40) million is exported to other countries. The leaves are not only used directly for chewing purposes but also possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties. Besides, the leaves also contain eugenol rich essential oil (1%-3%) which is the source for medicine, stimulant, antiseptic, tonic and other ayurvedic formulations. The essential oil also contains chavibetol, caryophyllene and methyl eugenol which are the potent source for preparation in ayurvedic medicine and herbal products. Cost of betelvine essential oil is 10$ per 5 mL. In spite of its great economical and medicinal importance betelvine is still neglected by the researchers for proper characterization and authentication for selection of elite landraces. Lack of awareness among people, use of same planting material for many generations, existing of many synonyms for a single landraces, no proper characterization of available landraces are some of the significant constraints for its commercialization. Our review endeavours a complete advance in the research on betelvine, existing lacunae for its proper characterization and commercial cultivation. It also attempts to provide a comprehensive account on biotechnological interventions made in betelvine aimed at complementing conventional programmes for improvement of this nutraceutically important cash crop.
ABSTRACT
Betelvine (Piper betle L.) is cultivated for its deep green heart shaped leaf for (15–20) million Indian and 2 billion foreign consumers annually. The crop provides Rs (6 000–7 000) million of national income per year and at the same time leaves worth Rs (30–40) million is exported to other countries. The leaves are not only used directly for chewing purposes but also possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties. Besides, the leaves also contain eugenol rich essential oil (1%–3%) which is the source for medicine, stimulant, antiseptic, tonic and other ayurvedic formulations. The essential oil also contains chavibetol, caryophyllene and methyl eugenol which are the potent source for preparation in ayurvedic medicine and herbal products. Cost of betelvine essential oil is 10$ per 5 mL. In spite of its great economical and medicinal importance betelvine is still neglected by the researchers for proper characterization and authentication for selection of elite landraces. Lack of awareness among people, use of same planting material for many generations, existing of many synonyms for a single landraces, no proper characterization of available landraces are some of the significant constraints for its commercialization. Our review endeavours a complete advance in the research on betelvine, existing lacunae for its proper characterization and commercial cultivation. It also attempts to provide a comprehensive account on biotechnological interventions made in betelvine aimed at complementing conventional programmes for improvement of this nutraceutically important cash crop.
ABSTRACT
Chemical components of essential oil of Piper nigrum L. and essential oil of Piper betle L. were identified by GC/MS method. The main constituents in essential oil of Piper nigrum L. are D-limonene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and D3-carene. The main components of essential oil of Piper betle L. are eugenyl acetate or isoeugenyl acetate, alylpyrocatechol diacetate, eugenol or isoeugenol, caryophylen